Sequelas do COVID-19
o tráfico de crianças no mundo pandêmico
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the conceptual and statistical apparatus that characterizes human trafficking, from its content, its historical development and its protection instruments, as well as the role of globalization and the insertion of practice in the role crimes against humanity. The importance of the Palermo Protocol (2000) is also confirmed for the development of instruments that are not only international, but also in the structuring of a national apparatus capable of combating such practice. The notion of transnational crime is also linked to trafficking - and as such practice has an ingenious complexity in its performance. After such understanding, the investigation of child trafficking is carried out, based on an accurate examination of its definition, its qualitative and quantitative data, reaching the moment of the pandemic scenario. In this, it is necessary to analyze how the COVID-19 pandemic is and will harm the fight against child trafficking and what are the major challenges, facing the crime, that the community as a whole will face in a post-pandemic stage. For this, the methods used in the present approach rest on deductive, inductive and dogmatic. Finally, what is intended, in fact, is to correlate the need to understand human trafficking and, especially, child trafficking, with the pandemic world and its prospects in order to be able, effectively, nationally and internationally, to track a safe way to combat such criminal practice.
References
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CANÇADO TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto. A Humanização do Direito Internacional. 2a Ed. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2015.
CASSESE, Antonio. International Law. 2a Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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HANNUM, Hurst. Rescuing Human Rights: a radically moderate approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
HELD, David; McGREW, Anthony. Prós e Contras da Globalização. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 2001.
HOWARD, Neil. Child Trafficking, Youth Labour Mobility and the Politics of Protection. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999.
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_______________. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. 1992.
IOM. Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey. Vol. 43 (1/2). Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2005.
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia. Prosecutor v Kunarac (Trial Judgement). Caso no. IT-96-23. Julgado em 22 fev. 2001.
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KAYE, Julie; WINTERDYK, John. Explaining Human Trafficking. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 57 – 78.
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KRANRATTANASUIT, Naparat. ASEAN and Human Trafficking – case studies of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. V. 109. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2014.
LACZKO, F.; GRAMEGNA, M. A. Developing better indicators of human trafficking. Brown Journal of World Affairs. Providence, 10(1), pp. 179-194, 2003.
LOBASZ, Jennifer K. Constructing Human Trafficking – evangelicals, feminists and an unexpected alliance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
LONG, Lynellyn D. Anthropological perspectives on the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. International Migration Journal. IOM, n. 42 (1), p. 5-31, 2004.
MAKEI, Vladimir. Human Trafficking in the Post-Cold War Period: towards a comprehensive approach. Journal of International Affairs. Jan. 2013. Disponível em: https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/online-articles/human-trafficking-post-cold-war-period-towards-comprehensive-approach. Acesso em: 09 dez. 2020.
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POURMOKHTARI, Navid. Global Human Trafficking Unmasked: A Feminist Rights-Based Approach. Journal of Human Trafficking. United States. v. 1, n. 2, pp. 156-166, 2015.
RAMACHANDRAN, Vibhuti. Saving the Slaving Child: Domestic Work, Labor Trafficking and the Politics of Rescue in India. International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism and Development, Pennsylvania, v. 10, n. 3, 2019, pp. 339 – 362.
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SHAW, Malcolm N. International Law. 8a Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
SHELLEY, Louise. Human Trafficking – A global perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
SMITH, Cindy J.; KANGASPUNTA, Kristina. Defining human Trafficking and Its nuances in a Cultural Context. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 19 – 38.
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STATISTA. Percentage of countries with full, partial or no legislation on trafficking in persons from 2003 to 2018. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/300899/percentage-of-countries-by-legislation-on-trafficking-in-persons-by-region/#statisticContainer
___________. Total number of human trafficking victims identified worldwide from 2008 to 2019. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/459637/number-of-victims-identified-related-to-labor-trafficking-worldwide/. Acesso em: 09 de dezembro de 2020.
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THE effect of COVID-19: five impacts on human trafficking. Tech Against Trafficking, 2020. Disponível em: https://techagainsttrafficking.org/the-effect-of-covid-19-five-impacts-on-human-trafficking/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
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________________. Violence against Children. 2017.
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UNODC. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 2018. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.IV.2.
________. Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants. 2018. United Nations publication.
________. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trafficking in Persons. 2020. United Nations publication.
________. Model Law Against Trafficking in Persons. 2009.
_______. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. 2000.
WINTERDYK, John; JONES, Jackie (Ed.). The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
ALLAIN, Jean. White Slave Traffic in International Law. Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation. Paris, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 1-40, 2017.
BANTEKAS, Ilias; OETTE, Lutz. International Human Rights Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
BOONPALA, Panudda; KANE, June. Unbearable to the Human Heart - Child Trafficking and Action to Eliminate it. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2002.
BURKE, Mary C. Introduction to Human Trafficking: definitions and prevalence. In: BURKE, Mary C. (Ed.). Human Trafficking: interdisciplinary perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2013, pp. 3 – 23.
CANÇADO TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto. A Humanização do Direito Internacional. 2a Ed. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 2015.
CASSESE, Antonio. International Law. 2a Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS, EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. Schengen migration and asylum policy and the EU security strategy in the context of COVID-19. 2020.
D’ESTRÉE, Claude. Voices from Victims and Survivors of Human Trafficking. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 79 – 102.
HANNUM, Hurst. Rescuing Human Rights: a radically moderate approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
HELD, David; McGREW, Anthony. Prós e Contras da Globalização. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 2001.
HOWARD, Neil. Child Trafficking, Youth Labour Mobility and the Politics of Protection. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999.
_______________. ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Second Edition. Updated estimates and analysis. 2020.
_______________. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour. 1992.
IOM. Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey. Vol. 43 (1/2). Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2005.
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia. Prosecutor v Kunarac (Trial Judgement). Caso no. IT-96-23. Julgado em 22 fev. 2001.
JOHSON, Christopher. How are human traffickers taking advantage of the pandemic? Reuters, out. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-trafficking-expertview-idUSKBN27300T. Acesso em: 03 dez. 2020.
KAYE, Julie; WINTERDYK, John. Explaining Human Trafficking. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 57 – 78.
KEMPADOO, K. From moral panic to global justice: Changing perspectives on trafficking. In: KEMPADOO, K. (Ed.). Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, sex work and human rights. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publisher, vii-xxxiv, 2005.
KIELLAND, Anne. The Exploitation Equation: distinguishing child trafficking from other types of child mobility in West Africa. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 149 – 182.
KRANRATTANASUIT, Naparat. ASEAN and Human Trafficking – case studies of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. V. 109. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2014.
LACZKO, F.; GRAMEGNA, M. A. Developing better indicators of human trafficking. Brown Journal of World Affairs. Providence, 10(1), pp. 179-194, 2003.
LOBASZ, Jennifer K. Constructing Human Trafficking – evangelicals, feminists and an unexpected alliance. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
LONG, Lynellyn D. Anthropological perspectives on the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. International Migration Journal. IOM, n. 42 (1), p. 5-31, 2004.
MAKEI, Vladimir. Human Trafficking in the Post-Cold War Period: towards a comprehensive approach. Journal of International Affairs. Jan. 2013. Disponível em: https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/online-articles/human-trafficking-post-cold-war-period-towards-comprehensive-approach. Acesso em: 09 dez. 2020.
MURASZKIEWICZ, Julia Maria. Protecting Victims of Human Trafficking from Liability – the European approach. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
NAÏR, Sami. Refugiados – frente a la catástrofe humanitaria, uma solución real. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta S.A., 2016.
OBOKATA, Tom. Trafficking of Human Beings as a Crime against Humanity: Some Implications for the International Legal System. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Cambridge, v. 54, no. 2, pp. 445–457, 2005. Disponível em: www.jstor.org/stable/3663256. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2020.
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOS HUMAN RIGHTS. Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking Commentary. Geneva: United Nations, 2010.
POURMOKHTARI, Navid. Global Human Trafficking Unmasked: A Feminist Rights-Based Approach. Journal of Human Trafficking. United States. v. 1, n. 2, pp. 156-166, 2015.
RAMACHANDRAN, Vibhuti. Saving the Slaving Child: Domestic Work, Labor Trafficking and the Politics of Rescue in India. International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism and Development, Pennsylvania, v. 10, n. 3, 2019, pp. 339 – 362.
SAX, Helmut. Child trafficking – a call for rights-based integrated approaches. In: PIOTROWICZ, Ryszard; RIJKEN, Conny; UHL, Baerbel Heide (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 251 – 260.
SCHOOL closings due to COVID-19 present potential for increased risk of child exploitation. Federal Bureau of Investigation, mar. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/school-closings-due-to-covid-19-present-potential-for-increased-risk-of-child-exploitation. Acesso em 02 de dez. 2020.
SHARP, Nicola. Missing from Discourse: South Asia Young Women and Sexual Exploitation. In: MELROSE, Margaret; PEARCE, Jenny (Ed.). Critical Perspectives on Child Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 96 – 109.
SHAW, Malcolm N. International Law. 8a Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
SHELLEY, Louise. Human Trafficking – A global perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
SMITH, Cindy J.; KANGASPUNTA, Kristina. Defining human Trafficking and Its nuances in a Cultural Context. In: WINTERDYK, John; PERRIN, Benjamin; REICHEL, Philip. Human Trafficking – exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New Work: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 19 – 38.
SOCIAL media-based trafficking on the rise during coronavirus pandemic. UN News, nov. 2020. Disponível em: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1077402. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2020.
STATISTA. Percentage of countries with full, partial or no legislation on trafficking in persons from 2003 to 2018. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/300899/percentage-of-countries-by-legislation-on-trafficking-in-persons-by-region/#statisticContainer
___________. Total number of human trafficking victims identified worldwide from 2008 to 2019. Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/459637/number-of-victims-identified-related-to-labor-trafficking-worldwide/. Acesso em: 09 de dezembro de 2020.
STEVERSON, Leonardo A.; WOODITCH, Alese C. Human trafficking. Chicago: Ecyclopaedia Britannica, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com. Acesso em: 08 dez. 2020.
THE effect of COVID-19: five impacts on human trafficking. Tech Against Trafficking, 2020. Disponível em: https://techagainsttrafficking.org/the-effect-of-covid-19-five-impacts-on-human-trafficking/. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Human Trafficking Law. Disponível em: https://u.osu.edu/osuhtblog/2017/01/27/human-trafficking-law/. Acesso em: 09 dez. 2020.
UN COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEM (CEDAW), CEDAW General Recommendation No 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cedaw/pages/recommendations.aspx. Acesso em: 12 dez. 2020.
UN SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN. Disponível em: https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org. Acesso em: 05 dez. 2020.
UNICEF. Combating Child Trafficking. Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009.
UNITED NATIONS. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989.
________________. Violence against Children. 2017.
UNITED NATIONS TREATY COLLECTION. Disponível em: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en. Acesso em: 04 dez. 2020.
UNHCR. Child-trafficking in Mali increasing because of conflict and COVID-19. Disponível em: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/12/5fc62ead4/child-trafficking-mali-increasing-conflict-covid-19.html. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2020.
UNODC. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 2018. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.IV.2.
________. Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants. 2018. United Nations publication.
________. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trafficking in Persons. 2020. United Nations publication.
________. Model Law Against Trafficking in Persons. 2009.
_______. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. 2000.
WINTERDYK, John; JONES, Jackie (Ed.). The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
Published
2021-09-20
How to Cite
CANEPARO, P. Sequelas do COVID-19: o tráfico de crianças no mundo pandêmico. Cadernos Eletrônicos Direito Internacional sem Fronteiras, v. 3, n. 2, p. e20210207, 20 Sep. 2021.
Section
Artigos do Dossiê Temático
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